<P>This book examines the extent to which Russia¿s strategic behavior is the product of its imperial strategic culture and Putin¿s own operational code.</P><P></P><P>The work argues that, by conflating personalistic regime survival with national security, Putin ensures that contemporary Russian national interest, as expressed through strategic behavior, is the synthesis of a peculiar <EM>troika</EM>: a long-standing imperial strategic culture, rooted in a partially imagined past; the operational code of a counter-intelligence president and decision-making elite; and the realities of Russia as a hybrid state. The book first examines the role of structure and agency in shaping contemporary Russian strategic behavior. It then provides a conceptual understanding of strategic culture, and applies this to <EM>Tsarist</EM> and Soviet historical developments. The book¿s analysis of the operational code, however, demonstrates that Putinism is more than the sum of the past. At the end, the