Against the background of long-standing narratives in which Twelver Shi¿ism is viewed as fundamentally authoritarian, <i>The School of Hillah and the Formation of Twelver Shi¿i Islamic Tradition</i> builds upon recent scholarship in the fields of Religious Studies, Anthropology, and History to argue that Twelver Shi¿ism is better understood as a discursive tradition. At a conceptual level, this solves the basic problem of how to integrate the extraordinary diversity of Twelver Shi¿ism across time and space into a single historical category without engaging in a normative assessment of its underlying essence. Furthermore, in light of this conception of tradition, the School of Hillah stands out as a seminal period in the archive of Twelver Shi¿ism, though it has seldom been recognized as such in European-language scholarship. Insofar as it gave birth to a conversation that would prove capable of encompassing the dynamism of Twelver Shi¿ism, the School of Hillah should be considered the