<p>First published in 1978, <i>Israel </i>focuses on the pluralistic structure of Israel and its internal conflicts. The author distinguishes five major plural divisions: Palestinian Arabs in the occupied territories versus Israeli citizens; Israeli Arabs versus Jews; Druze versus Christian versus Muslim Arabs; religious versus nonreligious Jews; and non-European versus European Jews. These divisions differ in culture, social structure, and resources, yielding together a social hierarchy which stands in contradiction to the vision of Israel¿s founding fathers.</p><p>From this troubled situation, Dr Smooha suggests that Israel, dominated by a minority of European, predominantly nonreligious Jews, is far from reaching an optimal social mix and group harmony. He observes that, within Israel¿s pre-1967 borders, the policies of compromise with the religious Jews, control of Israeli Arabs, and co-optation of non-European Jews have failed to resolve the tensions. The threat to national integr