<p>Over the last four decades, new modes of communication have redefined people¿s engagement with media: media audiences are now also makers, influencers, followers, gamers, trolls, and data subjects. This turbulent social and technological context has created new opportunities for expression and activism around the world.</p><p>In this fully revised second edition, Leah Lievrouw considers the shift toward algorithmic media for political and cultural activism online ¿ where data capture and big data analytics are not just tools for managing and moving people or information, but are themselves sites of creativity, connection, and contention. The book examines a range of events and developments: anti-facial recognition projects; open-source intelligence in citizen journalism; and new apps based on encryption and DIY local networks that support movements such as Occupy and Black Lives Matter. <i>Alternative and Activist New Media</i> charts the theoretical roots of contemporary internet-d